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Cooks, Restaurant

Food Preparation and Serving Related · SOC 35-2014

1.2% AI Exposure — Medium
$37,390
Median Annual Salary
Bright ↗
O*NET Outlook
243,800
Proj. Annual Openings
1,409,890
Employment (OEWS 2025)
+0.1%/yr
Empl. growth (2019–2025)
99/100
AI Resiliency Score

AI exposure from the Anthropic Economic Index (2025); salary from BLS; skills from O*NET. See /sources.

Decision card

Career Evidence Passport

SOC 35-2014 evidence across exposure, wages, projections, postings, certified LCAs, skills, and transitions.

Proxy / seed data labeledDescriptive-only
SOC exposure
1.2%
Medium · Anthropic AEI
Automation friction
45/100
Moderate friction; broad SOC seed ORS job-requirements coverage.
Wages
$37,390
H-1B offered wage $42,349; LCAs are filings.
Projected openings
243,800
BLS EP 2024–2034; employment change +14.9%.
Observed/proxy demand
14
FY2025 certified LCAs; 323,287 postings in 2025.

Skill evidence

MonitoringActive ListeningSpeakingCritical ThinkingCoordination
  • H-1B values are certified Labor Condition Applications, not visa approvals.
  • Job postings are seed-static / seed-derived; treat as provider-ready proxy coverage until observed provider data is wired in.
  • Transition matches are directional skill-overlap context, not placement guarantees.
  • This release is a FutureGrid broad-SOC seed derived from public BLS ORS requirement concepts and categories, not direct occupation-level ORS survey estimates. It describes job requirements, not worker ability, AI capability, or displacement probability. Automation friction is a FutureGrid derived score and should be read alongside exposure, demand, wage, and projection signals.

Best transitions from here

Explore all pathways

Lower AI-exposure roles that reuse your skills, ranked by a transition score (skills that transfer, safety gain, pay and retraining effort).

AI Exposure Analysis

AI Exposure1.2%
AI Resiliency99/100
Exposure BandMedium
Sector Avg. Exposure0.9%

Across AI measures

Multiple exposure lenses for this occupation.

18.9%
Consensus
Actual adoption · Anthropic1.2%
AI capability · OpenAI9.5%
AI ability · AIOE45.9%
Automation baseline (2013) · Frey & Osborne96%

Top Skills

1.Monitoring
2.Active Listening
3.Speaking
4.Critical Thinking
5.Coordination

H-1B Visa Sponsorship Demand

View full H-1B trends →

Certified H-1B Labor Condition Applications naming this occupation, FY2016–FY2025. A descriptive high-skill labor-demand signal — employer filings, not visa approvals or individual outcomes. Note: one LCA can cover multiple worker positions.

65
Decade Total (Certified LCAs)
14
FY2025 Volume
0% of all H-1B filings in FY2025
$42,349
Median Offered Wage (Latest Year)
#350 of 776
Rank by Total Volume
H-1B filing volume, FY2016–FY2025

O*NET occupation profile

What this work involves

Prepare, season, and cook dishes such as soups, meats, vegetables, or desserts in restaurants. May order supplies, keep records and accounts, price items on menu, or plan menu.

Common titles: Back Line Cook, Banquet Cook, Breakfast Cook, Cook, Fry Cook, Grill Cook

Representative Tasks

  • Ensure food is stored and cooked at correct temperature by regulating temperature of ovens, broilers, grills, and roasters.
  • Inspect and clean food preparation areas, such as equipment, work surfaces, and serving areas, to ensure safe and sanitary food-handling practices.
  • Portion, arrange, and garnish food, and serve food to waiters or patrons.
  • Ensure freshness of food and ingredients by checking for quality, keeping track of old and new items, and rotating stock.
  • Season and cook food according to recipes or personal judgment and experience.

Detailed Work Activities

  • Assess equipment functioning.
  • Clean food preparation areas, facilities, or equipment.
  • Inspect facilities, equipment or supplies to ensure conformance to standards.
  • Arrange food for serving.
  • Serve food or beverages.

Tools & Technologies

Microsoft Excel · hotMicrosoft Office software · hotMicrosoft Outlook · hotMicrosoft Word · hotPoint of sale POS restaurant software

Employment Projections & AI Exposure

14
Occupations Shown
1.0%
Avg AI Exposure
9
Bright Outlook
Horizontal bar chart showing occupations with the highest projected annual openings. Each bar length represents annual projected openings. Color uses a gradient from violet (lower) to cyan (higher). Summary statistics are shown above the chart.

Employment & Wage Trend

BLS OEWS, 2019–2025


Occupation Employment & Wage TrendMulti-year BLS OEWS history for SOC 35-2014: 2019 — employment: 1,401,890, median wage: $27,790; 2020 — employment: 1,109,650, median wage: $28,800; 2021 — employment: 1,193,860, median wage: $30,010; 2022 — employment: 1,321,480, median wage: $34,110; 2023 — employment: 1,412,350, median wage: $35,780; 2025 — employment: 1,409,890, median wage: $37,390.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS). See /sources.

Sector Comparison

MetricThis CareerSector Average
AI Exposure1.2%0.9%
OutlookBright ↗60% Bright
Median Salary$37,390N/A
AI Resiliency99/100N/A