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Data & Sources

FutureGrid uses current, authoritative datasets to power every metric on this site.

Data as of

Primary Data Sources

These datasets are directly loaded and used to compute metrics.


Anthropic Economic Index — Job Exposure

Anthropic · 2025

ObservedCC-BY 4.0

Used for:Primary AI-exposure metric (observed_exposure) per SOC occupation — replaces Frey-Osborne 2013

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Anthropic Economic Index — Wage & Forecast Data

Anthropic / O*NET / BLS (bundled) · 2025

Used for:Median salary fallback, job forecast, job zone, bright outlook, sector (JobFamily)

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BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) via BLS Public Data API (api.bls.gov)

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics · 2025

ObservedPublic Domain

Used for:per-occupation employment + median wage (authoritative; overrides AEI bundle when BLS_API_KEY set); employmentHistory and wageHistory annual series 2016–2025

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BLS Employment Projections occupational data

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics · 2024

ObservedPublic Domain

Used for:SOC-keyed 2024–2034 projected employment, employment change, growth rates, wages, and annual openings in employment-projections.json

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Anthropic Economic Index — Country AI Adoption (Aug 2025)

Anthropic · 2025

ObservedCC-BY 4.0

Used for:Per-country AI usage index, usage %, usage count, GDP per working-age capita

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World Bank Open Data — China GDP and Working-Age Population

World Bank · 2024

ObservedCC BY 4.0

Used for:Supplemental China GDP per working-age capita when Anthropic country usage metrics are not reported

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Eurostat — Artificial intelligence by size class of enterprise

Eurostat · 2024

ObservedEurostat reuse policy

Used for:Supplemental multi-country enterprise AI adoption rate for European reporting countries

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OECD ICT Access and Usage Database

OECD · 2025

RestrictedOECD terms

Used for:Supplemental enterprise AI adoption and individual generative-AI usage rates by reporting country

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U.S. Census Annual Business Survey — Technology Characteristics of Businesses

U.S. Census Bureau · 2018

ObservedPublic Domain

Used for:Supplemental U.S. employer-firm artificial-intelligence total-use counts and percentages

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CNNIC Generative AI Application Development Report summary

CNNIC / Xinhua / State Council of the People's Republic of China · 2025

RestrictedGovernment website terms

Used for:Supplemental China generative-AI user count, penetration rate, and six-month user growth proxy

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QuestMobile 2025 AI Application Market Half-Year Report

QuestMobile · 2025

RestrictedQuestMobile terms

Used for:Supplemental China AI application MAU, category scale, and token-volume proxy metrics

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QuestMobile 2025 AI Application Ranking coverage

Guancha, citing QuestMobile · 2026

RestrictedPublisher terms

Used for:Secondary-source China-native AI app MAU figures for Doubao and DeepSeek

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Hugging Face public model API

Hugging Face · 2026

RestrictedHugging Face API terms

Used for:Supplemental open-model download and like-count proxies for Qwen, DeepSeek, Kimi, ChatGLM, and Baichuan

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GitHub REST API

GitHub · 2026

RestrictedGitHub API terms

Used for:Supplemental developer-ecosystem proxy metrics for AI repositories

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Stack Overflow Annual Developer Survey 2024 — TidyTuesday derived subset

Stack Overflow / R4DS TidyTuesday · 2024

RestrictedOpen Database License (ODbL) / Stack Overflow survey terms

Used for:Supplemental developer AI-tool usage, AI sentiment, and respondent-country proxy metrics

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World Bank Data360 — OECD Artificial Intelligence dataset

World Bank Data360 / OECD.AI · 2025

RestrictedWorld Bank Data360 / OECD terms

Used for:Supplemental country-level AI research activity proxy from AI publication totals

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O*NET 28.3 Skills Database

U.S. Department of Labor / Employment and Training Administration · 2024

ObservedCC BY 4.0

Used for:Top skills (by importance) per SOC occupation

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O*NET Web Services API v2

U.S. Department of Labor / O*NET Resource Center · 2026

ObservedCC BY 4.0

Used for:Build-time enrichment for occupation descriptions, tasks, detailed work activities, technology skills, and related occupations

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ISO 3166-1 Country Codes Crosswalk (lukes/ISO-3166-Countries-with-Regional-Codes)

Luke Duncalfe (GitHub) · 2024

ObservedCreative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0

Used for:Numeric ISO 3166-1 → alpha-3 mapping used to annotate world-atlas country features

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Indeed Hiring Lab AI Tracker

Indeed Hiring Lab · 2026

ObservedCC BY 4.0

Used for:Share of AI and generative-AI job postings as a % of all postings (7-day trailing average); country-level time series in ai-demand.json

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Challenger, Gray & Christmas — AI-Attributed Job Cuts

Challenger, Gray & Christmas, Inc. · 2026

ObservedProprietary — redistribution requires explicit permission

Used for:US employer-announced job cuts citing AI as stated reason (monthly and annual totals); ai-layoffs.json — ⚠️ LICENSE RISK: data is proprietary; see data/COMPLIANCE.md

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AIOE — Occupational Exposure to AI (Felten, Raj & Seamans 2021)

Ed Felten, Manav Raj, Robert Seamans · 2021

RestrictedNo explicit open license — citation required (SMJ 42(12):2195–2217)

Used for:Per-SOC AIOE exposure scores (application-ability relatedness) as a supplemental AI-exposure metric; aioe-exposure.json — ⚠️ LICENSE RISK: no open license; see data/COMPLIANCE.md

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Microsoft AI Diffusion Report (AI Economic Impact & Insights)

Microsoft AI Economy Institute · 2026

ObservedMIT

Used for:GenAI diffusion % of working-age population across three periods (H1 2025 / H2 2025 / Q1 2026) for 147 economies; global-ai-metrics.json

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IMF AI Preparedness Index (AIPI) — composite and sub-indices

International Monetary Fund · 2023

RestrictedIMF terms (https://www.imf.org/external/terms.htm) — non-commercial redistribution with attribution; commercial use requires IMF permission

Used for:Overall AI readiness composite (0–1, 178 countries) and four AIPI sub-indices (DI, HCLMP, IEI, RE); global-ai-metrics.json — ⚠️ CONDITIONAL: non-commercial only; see data/COMPLIANCE.md

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Oxford Insights Government AI Readiness Index 2023

Oxford Insights · 2023

ObservedCC BY 4.0

Used for:Government AI readiness composite score 0–100 for 193 countries; global-ai-metrics.json

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OpenRouter public model catalog API

OpenRouter · 2026

RestrictedOpenRouter public API/catalog terms — attribution and terms review required before bulk redistribution

Used for:Provider/model catalog snapshot, endpoint-provider counts, and country-level catalog-proxy mapping; openrouter-models.json — catalog footprint only, not usage, traffic, demand, or deployment geography

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BLS Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS)

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics · 2026

ObservedPublic Domain

Used for:Monthly job openings, hires, quits, layoffs & separations by industry (JOLTS); jolts.json

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OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" — LLM Occupation Exposure

OpenAI · 2023

ObservedMIT

Used for:Per-SOC GPT-4 exposure ratings (E1/E2/E3 tiers, dv_rating + human annotation); llm-exposure.json

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Yahoo Finance chart JSON endpoint (unofficial)

Yahoo Finance / Verizon Media · 2026

RestrictedYahoo Terms of Service — redistribution PROHIBITED; no official API license granted

Used for:Monthly closing prices for AI-sector ETF tickers (XLC, XLK, BOTZ, ARKQ, etc.) used to derive AI market signals; market-ai-signals.json — ⚠️ HIGH LICENSE RISK: Yahoo ToS prohibits redistribution; see data/COMPLIANCE.md

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AI company adjusted-close fixture / Alpha Vantage refresh path

FutureGrid / Yahoo Finance / Alpha Vantage · 2026

RestrictedCommitted fixture bootstrapped from Yahoo chart JSON; Alpha Vantage refresh requires API-key terms compliance

Used for:Historical adjusted-close observations for public AI-company watchlist; ai-company-stocks.json — descriptive market history only, not investment advice, forecasts, recommendations, or redistribution-cleared market data

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BLS Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS)

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics · 2026

ObservedPublic Domain

Used for:State-level monthly unemployment rate, employment, and labor force totals; state-labor.json

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BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW) — Annual Area CSVs

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics · 2025

ObservedPublic Domain

Used for:State-level annual employment and wages by industry (NAICS) from QCEW; state-qcew.json

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California WARN Act Notices

California Employment Development Department (EDD) · 2026

ObservedPublic Records (California Public Records Act / California Labor Code § 1401)

Used for:Mass layoff and plant closure notices filed with California EDD under the WARN Act; warn-notices.json

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DOL OFLC LCA Disclosure Data (H-1B Labor Condition Applications)

U.S. DOL OFLC · 2025

ObservedUS Government public domain / public records

Used for:Certified H-1B LCA volume, offered-wage percentiles, top occupations/employers/states over FY2016–FY2025; h1b-trends.json

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FutureGrid provider-ready job postings seed

FutureGrid · 2025

ProxyMIT project output; derived from cleared occupation and O*NET inputs

Used for:SOC-keyed 2016–2025 deterministic job-postings seed for correlation experiments until a licensed historical postings provider is wired in

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BLS Occupational Requirements Survey (ORS)

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics · 2025

ObservedPublic Domain

Used for:SOC-keyed occupational requirements concepts for occupational-requirements.json: preparation burden, physical presence, work conditions, decision-making, and FutureGrid automation-friction score

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ILOSTAT — Employment by sex and occupation (thousands) — Annual (EMP_TEMP_SEX_OCU_NB)

International Labour Organization (ILO) · 2025

ObservedCC BY 4.0

Used for:International occupation-mix shares by ISCO-08 major group (1-9) for included countries in international-occupation-mix.json

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Epoch AI — Notable AI Models

Epoch AI · 2026

ObservedCC BY 4.0

Used for:AI training-compute/cost/power frontier trends (AI Frontier page)

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Context & Validation References

These publications inform interpretation and provide independent validation context — they are not directly loaded into the application.


IMF Artificial Intelligence Occupational Exposure (AIOE) Index 2024

International Monetary Fund · 2024 · Context/validation reference only — not directly loaded

Descriptive-onlyIMF Working Paper (cited context)View ↗

OECD Employment Outlook 2023 — AI and the Labour Market

OECD · 2023 · Context/validation reference only — not directly loaded

RestrictedOECD terms (cited context)View ↗

ILO World Employment and Social Outlook 2025 — Artificial Intelligence

International Labour Organization · 2025 · Context/validation reference only — not directly loaded

RestrictedILO terms (cited context)View ↗

Natural Earth / world-atlas@2 — 110m Country Polygons (TopoJSON)

Natural Earth / Mike Bostock (world-atlas npm package) · 2023 · World map choropleth geometry — country polygons at 110m resolution, Antarctica dropped; numeric ISO ids mapped to ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 via lukes/ISO-3166-Countries-with-Regional-Codes crosswalk. AEI usageIndex primary choropleth value; proxy context shown for restricted countries (e.g. China).

RestrictedPublic Domain (Natural Earth); ISC (world-atlas package)View ↗

Frey & Osborne (2013) — Computerization Probability by SOC

Carl Benedikt Frey & Michael A. Osborne, Oxford Martin School · 2013 · Historical automation probability per SOC (702 occupations) as a context/comparison baseline; automation-baseline.json — ⚠️ LICENSE RISK: no open license; see data/COMPLIANCE.md

Descriptive-onlyNo open license — academic research; redistribution unclearView ↗

Technical Note

automationRisk bands are percentile-calibrated from the aiExposure distribution (756 occupations): Very High = top ~8% (aiExposure > 0.3104), High = next ~12% (> 0.1378), Medium = next ~25% (> 0.0080), Low = remainder (≤ 0.0080). aiExposure = observed_exposure from Anthropic Economic Index (Claude AI-usage based, not Frey-Osborne 2013). employment: real OEWS 2025 figures (755 occupations updated via BLS Public Data API). medianSalary: OEWS 2025 where available (752 updated), AEI-bundled wage otherwise. employmentHistory/wageHistory: OEWS multi-year annual series 2019–2025 — 2025 via BLS Public Data API (755 occ); 2019–2023 via archived national Excel flat files (Wayback Machine); note that BLS OEWS OEUN API series stores only the current-vintage snapshot so older years require flat-file download. growthRate is null (no authoritative per-SOC % growth in AEI files). projectedOpenings from wage_data.JobForecast (BLS-EP annual openings) where > 0. China is included as a supplemental country row with World Bank 2024 GDP per working-age capita; Anthropic Claude.ai usage metrics for China are not reported and remain null. O*NET skills: successfully loaded


Download Data

Export the underlying datasets as CSV or JSON for offline analysis. Generated client-side — no server request.

Occupations

Descriptive-only

Automation risk, probability, salary, employment, and outlook for all occupations. CSV is flat (skills and history arrays excluded).

Countries

Proxy

AI usage index, diffusion rates, readiness scores, and government AI readiness by country. CSV is flat (nested sub-indices excluded).

Data Sources

Observed

Full citation list with publishers, years, licenses, and URLs. JSON includes top-level metadata.

JSON preserves all fields including nested arrays and objects. CSV is flat — nested structures are excluded.